The physicist Ludwig Boltzmann was the first to imagine that the realm of all possibilities has a shape and structure in 1868, as he further developed an understanding of nature that is known today as the second law of thermodynamics. Boltzmann was trying to understand the way that patterns evolve in nature, so he began to consider how an invisible world of possibilities might influence what is probable as the universe evolves and events unfold.

He knew for example that gases disperse evenly throughout all available space. He knew that heat does not remain or collect in one area but rather spreads out, moving from warmer to colder bodies. He knew that although it is easy to break objects into smaller disorganized pieces, like a coffee cup or a glass vase, we never see the pieces organize themselves back together, at least not in forward time, as we would see of a broken vase if time were reversed. Why then is forward time different than backward time? Boltzmann concluded the reason is because there are fewer ordered possibilities than disordered possibilities.

If we could visually see the timeless realm of possibilities that exists around us we would quickly realize there is a vast unchanging architecture, immense and monumental beyond description, a world that is completely hidden from this world we know. And yet this other realm is actively shaping what is probable and possible for us in time. The American physicist John Wheeler referred to the realm of possibilities as Superspace, and the English theoretical physicist Julian Barbour named the same realm Platonia. Scientists in different fields generally refer to possibilities as state space, phase space, or configuration space.

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